Ngaba uyazazi iindlela zokupakisha kunye neendlela zothutho kunye nezibonelelo?
Imveliso
Ukupakishwa ligama eliqhelekileyo leebhokisi, izinto eziphathekayo kunye nezinto ezincedisayo ezisetyenziswa ngokuhambelana neendlela ezithile zobugcisa ukukhusela iimveliso, ukuququzelela ukugcinwa kunye nokuthutha, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthengisa ngexesha lokuthutha. Imisebenzi ephambili yokupakishwa yile ilandelayo:
2. ukuphucula ukusebenzaukusebenza kakuhle kwempahla kwinkqubo yolungiselelo Ukupakishwa kwengqokelela yemveliso kwimisebenzi yolungiselelo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukulayishwa kunye nokuthuthwa kwezithuthi, ukufunyanwa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla, kunye nezinga lokusetyenziswa komthamo wokufudukela kwizithuthi nakwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla.
1. Thintela iimpahla ukuba zingonakali ngexesha lothutho
Umzekelo: umonakalo owenziwe yimekobume ebonakalayo efana nokungcangcazela, impembelelo, ukubhoboza kunye nokukhutshwa, kunye nokuwa kunye nokuchithwa kweeshelufa, ukupakishwa okanye iindlela zokuthutha; umonakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo efana nemitha.
3. Ukuhambisa ulwazi
Iimveliso ezipakishweyo kufuneka zibe nolwazi olufana nokuchongwa kwemveliso, umenzi, igama lemveliso, ubungakanani bangaphakathi, umhla kunye nekhowudi yokuzazisa, ezibaluleke kakhulu xa ufumana, kukhethwa kwaye uqinisekisa i-waybill.
4. Ukukhuthaza ukuthengisa
Uyilo lwemilo, izinto eziphathekayo, ukuprintwa kombala kunye nokuvulwa kwefestile yokupakishwa kwangaphandle kwemveliso kwenza ukupakishwa kunomsebenzi wokuhlobisa, ukukhuthaza imveliso kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthengisa.
Ukushwankathela, umsebenzi omkhulu wokupakisha kukubonelela ngokhuseleko ngexesha lokuthuthwa kwemveliso. Ke, zeziphi iindlela zolungiselelo kunye neendlela zothutho?
Indlela yothutho lothutho yindlela, indlela kunye nohlobo ekugqitywe ngalo ukuthuthwa kwabakhweli kunye nempahla. Ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho, inokwahlulwa ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho zifanelekile kwiimpahla ezahlukeneyo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuthuthwa kolwandle, uthutho lukaloliwe, uthutho ngenqwelomoya, uthutho lwendlela, uthutho lwemibhobho, uthutho lweekhonteyina, kunye nothutho lweendlela ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe.
1. Uthutho lwendlela.
Indlela yokuthutha iimpahla nabakhweli endleleni ikakhulu kusetyenziswa iimoto, kodwa nokusebenzisa ezinye izithuthi (ezinjengabantu, izithuthi ezitsalwa zizilwanyana). Uthutho lwendlela ubukhulu becala luthatha umgama omfutshane, umthamo omncinci wothutho kunye nokuthuthwa kwamanzi, umgama omde, umthamo omkhulu kunye nokuthutha umgama omfutshane apho izibonelelo zothutho lukaloliwe kunye namanzi kunzima ukufikelela.
Okwangoku, inani elipheleleyo leemoto ehlabathini liye lafikelela ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-400. Kuthungelwano lwezothutho lwangoku kwihlabathi, imigca yendlela yendlela ye-2/3, malunga ne-20 yezigidi zeekhilomitha, kwaye umthamo wempahla ogqitywe ngothutho lwendlela uthatha i-80% yomthamo opheleleyo wempahla. Malunga ne-10% yembuyekezo yempahla. Kwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo kwimizi-mveliso, umthamo wempahla kunye nokuguqulwa kothutho ezindleleni ziphakathi kwezona ndlela zihamba phambili kwiindlela zothutho ezahlukeneyo, kwaye uthutho ezindleleni luye lwaba yinxalenye eyimfuneko nebalulekileyo.
Iinzuzo eziphambili zothutho lwendlela ziguquguqukayo ezinamandla, ixesha elifutshane lokwakhiwa kweendlela, utyalo-mali oluphantsi, kulula ukuziqhelanisa neemeko zendawo, izibonelelo zesikhululo esifumanayo azikho iimfuno eziphezulu."Umnyango ukuya emnyango" uthutho lunokwamkelwa, oko kukuthi ukusuka kumnyango womthumeli ukuya kumnyango womamkeli, ngaphandle kokutshintshwa okanye ukuphatha ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Uthutho lwendlela lunokusetyenziswa njengendlela yokudibanisa nezinye iindlela zothutho. Iradius yezoqoqosho yothutho lwendlela iqhelekile kumgama weekhilomitha ezingama-200. Kodwa ukuthuthwa kwendlela nako kunemida ethile: umthwalo omncinci, awufanelekanga ukulayisha iimpahla ezinzima, ezinkulu, ezingafanelekanga ukuthutha umgama omde; Ukungcangcazela kwesithuthi esisebenza sikhulu, ekulula ukubangela ingozi yomonakalo wempahla kunye nokwahlukana kwempahla. Kwangaxeshanye, iindleko zothutho ziphezulu kunezothutho lwamanzi kunye nololiwe.
2. Ukuthuthwa ngololiwe.
Ukusetyenziswa koololiwe bakaloliwe ukuthwala abakhweli kunye neempahla. Uthutho lukaloliwe ubukhulu becala luthatha umgama omde kunye nomthamo omkhulu wempahla, eyona ndlela iphambili yothutho kwizithuthi ezinkulu. Inkqubo yothutho lukaloliwe iqulethe izinto ezininzi, kwaye ziyancedisana. Ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezifanelekileyo, oololiwe abayi kuhamba kakuhle. Kwiindawo apho amanzi angafumanekiyo, phantse zonke izixa ezithunyelwayo zithunyelwa ngololiwe.
Izibonelelo zikhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, azikhawulelwanga kwiimeko zendalo, umthamo omkhulu womthwalo, iindleko zokuthutha ziphantsi. Ukungalungi okuphambili kukuguquguquka okungahambi kakuhle, kunokufikelela kuphela ukuthutha kumgca omiselweyo, kufuneka ukusebenzisana nezinye iindlela zokuthutha kunye nokudibanisa. Ngokufika kwexesha le-Intanethi yeZinto, uthutho lukaloliwe lungenise amathuba amatsha ophuhliso. Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yeTekhnoloji kuthutho lukaloliwe kwilizwe lethu kunokuqokelela idatha yelocomotive kunye nemo yemoto eqhubayo, njengenombolo yelocomotive, inombolo yemoto, ubume, isikhundla, indawo ekuyo kunye nexesha lokufika, kunye nokulandelela ulwazi lwelocomotive kunye nemoto kunye iimpahla ngexesha lokwenyani. Imileage yezoqoqosho kuthutho lukaloliwe ngokuqhelekileyo ingaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-200.
3. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi.
Uthutho lwamanzi lolona hlobo lothutho kuthutho lwe-trunk, olubandakanya ubukhulu becala kunye nothutho lolungiselelo lomgama omde. Kwimimandla engaphakathi kunye nonxweme, ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kudla ngokusetyenziswa njengendlela encinci yokuthutha ukuncedisa kunye nokudibanisa imisebenzi yokuthutha i-trunk eninzi. Uthutho lwamanzi luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yothutho ebanzi e-China, emva kweminyaka yophuhliso, ilizwe lethu liye laba lelona gunya linamandla lamanzi emhlabeni, idatha ibonisa ukuba ngo-2020 i-China ye-port cargo throughput ye-14.55 billion yeetoni, i-port container throughput ye-260 Isigidi se-teu, i-port cargo throughput kunye ne-container throughput yeyokuqala emhlabeni.
Inzuzo ephambili yokuthuthwa kwamanzi yindleko ephantsi, inokuqhuba ixabiso eliphantsi, umthamo omkhulu, ukuthutha umgama omde. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kunye nezinye iindlela zokuthutha ukuthelekisa, iimpawu zayo zihluke kakhulu, ezaziwa ngokuba yinqanawa yokukhusela indalo. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kuya kudlala indima enkulu kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zokwenza izigqibo ezifana ne-carbon peaking kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Kodwa ezothutho zamanzi nazo zineziphene ezicacileyo, ikakhulu isantya sothutho esicothayo, ngezibuko, inqanaba lamanzi, ixesha lonyaka, imozulu, ukuze ukunqunyanyiswa kwezothutho ixesha elide enyakeni.
Kukho iindlela ezine zothutho lwamanzi:
(1) Uthutho lwaselunxwemeni. Yindlela yokusebenzisa iinqanawe ukuthutha abakhweli kunye nempahla ngokusebenzisa iindlela zamanzi eziselunxwemeni kufuphi nelizwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinqanawa eziphakathi nezincinci zisetyenziswa.
(2) Uthutho lwaselunxwemeni. Luhlobo lwezothutho apho iinqanawa zisetyenziselwa ukuthutha abakhweli kunye nempahla kwiindlela zolwandle zamazwe angabamelwane kumhlaba omkhulu. Ngokuxhomekeke kuluhlu, iinqanawa eziphakathi okanye ezincinci zingasetyenziswa.
(3) Uthutho lwaselwandle. Kukusetyenziswa kweenqanawa ukunqumla ulwandle indlela yothutho lomgama omde, ikakhulu kuxhomekeke kumthamo weenqanawa ezinkulu.
(4) Uthutho lwangaphakathi lomlambo. Yindlela yothutho ngokusebenzisa iinqanawa kumanzi emilambo, imilambo, amachibi kunye nemilambo ngaphakathi komhlaba, ikakhulu usebenzisa iinqanawa eziphakathi kunye nezincinci.
4. Izithuthi zomoya.
Uhlobo lothutho ngenqwelomoya okanye ngezinye iinqwelomoya. Ixabiso leyunithi yothutho lomoya liphezulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, kukho iindidi ezimbini zeempahla ezilungele ukuthwala. Enye yeempahla ezinexabiso eliphezulu kunye namandla okuthwala imithwalo eyomeleleyo, njengamacandelo ezixhobo ezixabisekileyo kunye neemveliso zodidi oluphezulu. Enye yezo zinto zifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo, njengezinto zokunceda ngexesha lentlekele nezinto zokuhlangula.
Inzuzo ephambili yothutho lomoya kukuba ikhawuleza kwaye ayikhawulelwanga yindawo. Ibaluleke kakhulu kuba inokuxhomekeka kuthutho lomoya kwiindawo ezingenakufikelelwa ngololiwe okanye ngebhasi.
5. Uthutho lweendlela ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe
Uthutho lwe-Multimodal ngokufutshane, luyaveliswa kwaye luphuhliswe ngesiseko sothutho lwesikhongozeli. Ibhekisela ekuthuthweni kwempahla ubuncinane kwiindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zothutho ngumqhubi wezothutho ezininzi ukusuka kwindawo yokuthatha indawo kwilizwe elinye ukuya kwindawo echongiweyo yokuhanjiswa kwelinye ilizwe ngokuhambelana nekhontrakthi yezothutho ezininzi. Uthutho lwe-multimodal lwamazwe ngamazwe lufanelekile kuthutho lwamanzi, lwendlela, lukaloliwe kunye nelomoya. Kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ekubeni i-85% ~ 90% yempahla igqitywe ngolwandle, izithuthi zolwandle zithatha indawo ephambili kuthutho lweendlela ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe.
Inkqubo yothutho egqitywe ngokudibeneyo ngeentlobo ezimbini zeendlela zothutho ziya kubizwa ngokudibeneyo njengezothutho ezihlanganisiweyo, eziqhele ukubizwa ngokuba zizithuthi ezininzi kwilizwe lethu. Inqwelomoya esuka eShanghai isiya eJOHANNESBURG, eMzantsi Afrika, umzekelo, iya kuhamba ngolwandle -- ukusuka eShanghai ukuya eDURBAN kwaye emva koko ngomhlaba - ukusuka eThekwini ukuya eRhawutini. Le sele iyimodeli eninzi. Kodwa uthutho lwe-multimodal ngengqiqo yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, akufanele nje lube nesiseko esinjalo, kodwa kwakhona kufuneka sibe ne "multimodal bill of lading" - oko kukuthi, "i-multimodal transport" ikhontrakthi.
Ngaphandle kwale nyaniso, into esiqhele ukuyenza kukufumana i-bill of lading yolwandle endaweni ye "multimodal bill of lading". Ngoko ke, nangona kukho ukuthuthwa kwe-multimodal, ayihambelani nenkcazo ye "multimodal transport".
Izinto eziluncedo zezi:
1. Uxanduva olumanyeneyo kunye neenkqubo ezilula;
2. Gcina iindleko kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuhamba;
3. Ukunciphisa amakhonkco aphakathi, ukunciphisa ixesha kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wokuthutha;
4. Ukuphuculwa kolungelelwaniso lwezothutho kunye nothutho olufanelekileyo;
I-5, inokufezekisa ukuthuthwa kwendlu ngendlu;
Ngokwendlela yothutho, ukhetho lwemigqomo yokupakisha yezothutho lulandela ikakhulu le migaqo ilandelayo: Okokuqala, kufuneka ihlangabezane nemigangatho ehambelanayo yelizwe nehlabathi; okwesibini, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba izitya zokupakisha ezisetyenzisiweyo akufanele zenze umonakalo kubantu kunye noluntu, kwaye zibe nokhuseleko olwaneleyo lomzimba kwiimveliso kunye nokukhuselwa kobushushu ngexesha lenkqubo yonke yokuthutha. Kufuneka kwakhona iqinisekise ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kuyo yonke inkqubo yolungiselelo asikokuthunyelwa ngonya.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-16-2022
